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707. 设计链表

题目描述

你可以选择使用单链表或者双链表，设计并实现自己的链表。

单链表中的节点应该具备两个属性：val 和 next 。val 是当前节点的值，next 是指向下一个节点的指针/引用。

如果是双向链表，则还需要属性 prev 以指示链表中的上一个节点。假设链表中的所有节点下标从 0 开始。

实现 MyLinkedList 类：

  • MyLinkedList() 初始化 MyLinkedList 对象。
  • int get(int index) 获取链表中下标为 index 的节点的值。如果下标无效，则返回 -1 。
  • void addAtHead(int val) 将一个值为 val 的节点插入到链表中第一个元素之前。在插入完成后，新节点会成为链表的第一个节点。
  • void addAtTail(int val) 将一个值为 val 的节点追加到链表中作为链表的最后一个元素。
  • void addAtIndex(int index, int val) 将一个值为 val 的节点插入到链表中下标为 index 的节点之前。如果 index 等于链表的长度，那么该节点会被追加到链表的末尾。如果 index 比长度更大，该节点将 不会插入 到链表中。
  • void deleteAtIndex(int index) 如果下标有效，则删除链表中下标为 index 的节点。

 

示例：

输入
["MyLinkedList", "addAtHead", "addAtTail", "addAtIndex", "get", "deleteAtIndex", "get"]
[[], [1], [3], [1, 2], [1], [1], [1]]
输出
[null, null, null, null, 2, null, 3]

解释
MyLinkedList myLinkedList = new MyLinkedList();
myLinkedList.addAtHead(1);
myLinkedList.addAtTail(3);
myLinkedList.addAtIndex(1, 2);    // 链表变为 1->2->3
myLinkedList.get(1);              // 返回 2
myLinkedList.deleteAtIndex(1);    // 现在，链表变为 1->3
myLinkedList.get(1);              // 返回 3

 

提示：

  • 0 <= index, val <= 1000
  • 请不要使用内置的 LinkedList 库。
  • 调用 get、addAtHead、addAtTail、addAtIndex 和 deleteAtIndex 的次数不超过 2000 。

解法

方法一：指针引用实现单链表

我们创建链表虚拟头节点 dummy，用变量 cnt 记录当前链表节点个数。

具体的方法如下：

  • get(index)：遍历链表，找到第 index 个节点，返回其值，如果不存在，返回 $-1$。时间复杂度 $O(n)$。
  • addAtHead(val)：创建新节点，将其插入到虚拟头节点后面。时间复杂度 $O(1)$。
  • addAtTail(val)：创建新节点，将其插入到链表尾部。时间复杂度 $O(n)$。
  • addAtIndex(index, val)：如果 index 等于链表长度，则该节点将附加到链表的末尾。如果 index 大于链表长度，则不会插入节点。如果 index 小于 $0$，则在头部插入节点。否则，遍历链表，找到第 index 个节点的前一个节点，将新节点插入到该节点后面。时间复杂度 $O(n)$。
  • deleteAtIndex(index)：如果索引 index 有效，则删除链表中的第 index 个节点。否则，不做任何操作。时间复杂度 $O(n)$。

时间复杂度见具体的方法说明。其中 $n$ 为链表长度。

注意：LeetCode 平台已经内置 ListNode 单链表节点类，可以直接使用。

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class MyLinkedList:
    def __init__(self):
        self.dummy = ListNode()
        self.cnt = 0

    def get(self, index: int) -> int:
        if index < 0 or index >= self.cnt:
            return -1
        cur = self.dummy.next
        for _ in range(index):
            cur = cur.next
        return cur.val

    def addAtHead(self, val: int) -> None:
        self.addAtIndex(0, val)

    def addAtTail(self, val: int) -> None:
        self.addAtIndex(self.cnt, val)

    def addAtIndex(self, index: int, val: int) -> None:
        if index > self.cnt:
            return
        pre = self.dummy
        for _ in range(index):
            pre = pre.next
        pre.next = ListNode(val, pre.next)
        self.cnt += 1

    def deleteAtIndex(self, index: int) -> None:
        if index >= self.cnt:
            return
        pre = self.dummy
        for _ in range(index):
            pre = pre.next
        t = pre.next
        pre.next = t.next
        t.next = None
        self.cnt -= 1


# Your MyLinkedList object will be instantiated and called as such:
# obj = MyLinkedList()
# param_1 = obj.get(index)
# obj.addAtHead(val)
# obj.addAtTail(val)
# obj.addAtIndex(index,val)
# obj.deleteAtIndex(index)

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class MyLinkedList {
    private ListNode dummy = new ListNode();
    private int cnt;

    public MyLinkedList() {
    }

    public int get(int index) {
        if (index < 0 || index >= cnt) {
            return -1;
        }
        var cur = dummy.next;
        while (index-- > 0) {
            cur = cur.next;
        }
        return cur.val;
    }

    public void addAtHead(int val) {
        addAtIndex(0, val);
    }

    public void addAtTail(int val) {
        addAtIndex(cnt, val);
    }

    public void addAtIndex(int index, int val) {
        if (index > cnt) {
            return;
        }
        var pre = dummy;
        while (index-- > 0) {
            pre = pre.next;
        }
        pre.next = new ListNode(val, pre.next);
        ++cnt;
    }

    public void deleteAtIndex(int index) {
        if (index < 0 || index >= cnt) {
            return;
        }
        var pre = dummy;
        while (index-- > 0) {
            pre = pre.next;
        }
        var t = pre.next;
        pre.next = t.next;
        t.next = null;
        --cnt;
    }
}

/**
 * Your MyLinkedList object will be instantiated and called as such:
 * MyLinkedList obj = new MyLinkedList();
 * int param_1 = obj.get(index);
 * obj.addAtHead(val);
 * obj.addAtTail(val);
 * obj.addAtIndex(index,val);
 * obj.deleteAtIndex(index);
 */

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class MyLinkedList {
private:
    ListNode* dummy = new ListNode();
    int cnt = 0;

public:
    MyLinkedList() {
    }

    int get(int index) {
        if (index < 0 || index >= cnt) {
            return -1;
        }
        auto cur = dummy->next;
        while (index--) {
            cur = cur->next;
        }
        return cur->val;
    }

    void addAtHead(int val) {
        addAtIndex(0, val);
    }

    void addAtTail(int val) {
        addAtIndex(cnt, val);
    }

    void addAtIndex(int index, int val) {
        if (index > cnt) {
            return;
        }
        auto pre = dummy;
        while (index-- > 0) {
            pre = pre->next;
        }
        pre->next = new ListNode(val, pre->next);
        ++cnt;
    }

    void deleteAtIndex(int index) {
        if (index >= cnt) {
            return;
        }
        auto pre = dummy;
        while (index-- > 0) {
            pre = pre->next;
        }
        auto t = pre->next;
        pre->next = t->next;
        t->next = nullptr;
        --cnt;
    }
};

/**
 * Your MyLinkedList object will be instantiated and called as such:
 * MyLinkedList* obj = new MyLinkedList();
 * int param_1 = obj->get(index);
 * obj->addAtHead(val);
 * obj->addAtTail(val);
 * obj->addAtIndex(index,val);
 * obj->deleteAtIndex(index);
 */

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type MyLinkedList struct {
    dummy *ListNode
    cnt   int
}

func Constructor() MyLinkedList {
    return MyLinkedList{&ListNode{}, 0}
}

func (this *MyLinkedList) Get(index int) int {
    if index < 0 || index >= this.cnt {
        return -1
    }
    cur := this.dummy.Next
    for ; index > 0; index-- {
        cur = cur.Next
    }
    return cur.Val
}

func (this *MyLinkedList) AddAtHead(val int) {
    this.AddAtIndex(0, val)
}

func (this *MyLinkedList) AddAtTail(val int) {
    this.AddAtIndex(this.cnt, val)
}

func (this *MyLinkedList) AddAtIndex(index int, val int) {
    if index > this.cnt {
        return
    }
    pre := this.dummy
    for ; index > 0; index-- {
        pre = pre.Next
    }
    pre.Next = &ListNode{val, pre.Next}
    this.cnt++
}

func (this *MyLinkedList) DeleteAtIndex(index int) {
    if index < 0 || index >= this.cnt {
        return
    }
    pre := this.dummy
    for ; index > 0; index-- {
        pre = pre.Next
    }
    t := pre.Next
    pre.Next = t.Next
    t.Next = nil
    this.cnt--
}

/**
 * Your MyLinkedList object will be instantiated and called as such:
 * obj := Constructor();
 * param_1 := obj.Get(index);
 * obj.AddAtHead(val);
 * obj.AddAtTail(val);
 * obj.AddAtIndex(index,val);
 * obj.DeleteAtIndex(index);
 */

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class LinkNode {
    public val: number;
    public next: LinkNode;

    constructor(val: number, next: LinkNode = null) {
        this.val = val;
        this.next = next;
    }
}

class MyLinkedList {
    public head: LinkNode;

    constructor() {
        this.head = null;
    }

    get(index: number): number {
        if (this.head == null) {
            return -1;
        }
        let cur = this.head;
        let idxCur = 0;
        while (idxCur < index) {
            if (cur.next == null) {
                return -1;
            }
            cur = cur.next;
            idxCur++;
        }
        return cur.val;
    }

    addAtHead(val: number): void {
        this.head = new LinkNode(val, this.head);
    }

    addAtTail(val: number): void {
        const newNode = new LinkNode(val);
        if (this.head == null) {
            this.head = newNode;
            return;
        }
        let cur = this.head;
        while (cur.next != null) {
            cur = cur.next;
        }
        cur.next = newNode;
    }

    addAtIndex(index: number, val: number): void {
        if (index <= 0) {
            return this.addAtHead(val);
        }
        const dummy = new LinkNode(0, this.head);
        let cur = dummy;
        let idxCur = 0;
        while (idxCur < index) {
            if (cur.next == null) {
                return;
            }
            cur = cur.next;
            idxCur++;
        }
        cur.next = new LinkNode(val, cur.next || null);
    }

    deleteAtIndex(index: number): void {
        if (index == 0) {
            this.head = (this.head || {}).next;
            return;
        }
        const dummy = new LinkNode(0, this.head);
        let cur = dummy;
        let idxCur = 0;
        while (idxCur < index) {
            if (cur.next == null) {
                return;
            }
            cur = cur.next;
            idxCur++;
        }
        cur.next = (cur.next || {}).next;
    }
}

/**
 * Your MyLinkedList object will be instantiated and called as such:
 * var obj = new MyLinkedList()
 * var param_1 = obj.get(index)
 * obj.addAtHead(val)
 * obj.addAtTail(val)
 * obj.addAtIndex(index,val)
 * obj.deleteAtIndex(index)
 */

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#[derive(Default)]
struct MyLinkedList {
    head: Option<Box<ListNode>>,
}

/**
 * `&self` means the method takes an immutable reference.
 * If you need a mutable reference, change it to `&mut self` instead.
 */
impl MyLinkedList {
    fn new() -> Self {
        Default::default()
    }

    fn get(&self, mut index: i32) -> i32 {
        if self.head.is_none() {
            return -1;
        }
        let mut cur = self.head.as_ref().unwrap();
        while index > 0 {
            match cur.next {
                None => {
                    return -1;
                }
                Some(ref next) => {
                    cur = next;
                    index -= 1;
                }
            }
        }
        cur.val
    }

    fn add_at_head(&mut self, val: i32) {
        self.head = Some(
            Box::new(ListNode {
                val,
                next: self.head.take(),
            })
        );
    }

    fn add_at_tail(&mut self, val: i32) {
        let new_node = Some(Box::new(ListNode { val, next: None }));
        if self.head.is_none() {
            self.head = new_node;
            return;
        }
        let mut cur = self.head.as_mut().unwrap();
        while let Some(ref mut next) = cur.next {
            cur = next;
        }
        cur.next = new_node;
    }

    fn add_at_index(&mut self, mut index: i32, val: i32) {
        let mut dummy = Box::new(ListNode {
            val: 0,
            next: self.head.take(),
        });
        let mut cur = &mut dummy;
        while index > 0 {
            if cur.next.is_none() {
                return;
            }
            cur = cur.next.as_mut().unwrap();
            index -= 1;
        }
        cur.next = Some(
            Box::new(ListNode {
                val,
                next: cur.next.take(),
            })
        );
        self.head = dummy.next;
    }

    fn delete_at_index(&mut self, mut index: i32) {
        let mut dummy = Box::new(ListNode {
            val: 0,
            next: self.head.take(),
        });
        let mut cur = &mut dummy;
        while index > 0 {
            if let Some(ref mut next) = cur.next {
                cur = next;
            }
            index -= 1;
        }
        cur.next = cur.next.take().and_then(|n| n.next);
        self.head = dummy.next;
    }
}/**
 * Your MyLinkedList object will be instantiated and called as such:
 * let obj = MyLinkedList::new();
 * let ret_1: i32 = obj.get(index);
 * obj.add_at_head(val);
 * obj.add_at_tail(val);
 * obj.add_at_index(index, val);
 * obj.delete_at_index(index);
 */

方法二：静态数组实现单链表

在方法一中，我们使用了指针引用的方式，每次动态创建一个链表节点。在链表节点数量达到 $10^5$ 甚至更大时，频繁执行 new 操作，会大大增加程序的执行耗时。

因此，我们可以使用静态数组来实现单链表，预先申请一块大小略大于数据范围的内存空间，每次插入节点时，从数组中取出一个空闲的位置，将新节点插入到该位置，同时更新该位置的前驱和后继节点的指针引用。

我们定义以下几个变量，其中：

  • head 存放链表头节点的索引，初始时指向 $-1$。
  • e 存放链表所有节点的值（预先申请）。
  • ne 存放链表所有节点的 next 指针（预先申请）。
  • idx 指向当前可分配的节点索引，初始时指向索引 $0$。
  • cnt 记录当前链表节点个数，初始时为 $0$。

具体操作可参考以下代码。时间复杂度与方法一相同。

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class MyLinkedList:
    def __init__(self):
        self.e = [0] * 1010
        self.ne = [0] * 1010
        self.idx = 0
        self.head = -1
        self.cnt = 0

    def get(self, index: int) -> int:
        if index < 0 or index >= self.cnt:
            return -1
        i = self.head
        for _ in range(index):
            i = self.ne[i]
        return self.e[i]

    def addAtHead(self, val: int) -> None:
        self.e[self.idx] = val
        self.ne[self.idx] = self.head
        self.head = self.idx
        self.idx += 1
        self.cnt += 1

    def addAtTail(self, val: int) -> None:
        self.addAtIndex(self.cnt, val)

    def addAtIndex(self, index: int, val: int) -> None:
        if index > self.cnt:
            return
        if index <= 0:
            self.addAtHead(val)
            return
        i = self.head
        for _ in range(index - 1):
            i = self.ne[i]
        self.e[self.idx] = val
        self.ne[self.idx] = self.ne[i]
        self.ne[i] = self.idx
        self.idx += 1
        self.cnt += 1

    def deleteAtIndex(self, index: int) -> None:
        if index < 0 or index >= self.cnt:
            return -1
        self.cnt -= 1
        if index == 0:
            self.head = self.ne[self.head]
            return
        i = self.head
        for _ in range(index - 1):
            i = self.ne[i]
        self.ne[i] = self.ne[self.ne[i]]


# Your MyLinkedList object will be instantiated and called as such:
# obj = MyLinkedList()
# param_1 = obj.get(index)
# obj.addAtHead(val)
# obj.addAtTail(val)
# obj.addAtIndex(index,val)
# obj.deleteAtIndex(index)

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class MyLinkedList {
    private int[] e = new int[1010];
    private int[] ne = new int[1010];
    private int head = -1;
    private int idx;
    private int cnt;

    public MyLinkedList() {
    }

    public int get(int index) {
        if (index < 0 || index >= cnt) {
            return -1;
        }
        int i = head;
        while (index-- > 0) {
            i = ne[i];
        }
        return e[i];
    }

    public void addAtHead(int val) {
        e[idx] = val;
        ne[idx] = head;
        head = idx++;
        ++cnt;
    }

    public void addAtTail(int val) {
        addAtIndex(cnt, val);
    }

    public void addAtIndex(int index, int val) {
        if (index > cnt) {
            return;
        }
        if (index <= 0) {
            addAtHead(val);
            return;
        }
        int i = head;
        while (--index > 0) {
            i = ne[i];
        }
        e[idx] = val;
        ne[idx] = ne[i];
        ne[i] = idx++;
        ++cnt;
    }

    public void deleteAtIndex(int index) {
        if (index < 0 || index >= cnt) {
            return;
        }
        --cnt;
        if (index == 0) {
            head = ne[head];
            return;
        }
        int i = head;
        while (--index > 0) {
            i = ne[i];
        }
        ne[i] = ne[ne[i]];
    }
}

/**
 * Your MyLinkedList object will be instantiated and called as such:
 * MyLinkedList obj = new MyLinkedList();
 * int param_1 = obj.get(index);
 * obj.addAtHead(val);
 * obj.addAtTail(val);
 * obj.addAtIndex(index,val);
 * obj.deleteAtIndex(index);
 */

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class MyLinkedList {
private:
    int e[1010], ne[1010];
    int head = -1, idx = 0, cnt = 0;

public:
    MyLinkedList() {
    }

    int get(int index) {
        if (index < 0 || index >= cnt) {
            return -1;
        }
        int i = head;
        while (index--) {
            i = ne[i];
        }
        return e[i];
    }

    void addAtHead(int val) {
        e[idx] = val;
        ne[idx] = head;
        head = idx++;
        ++cnt;
    }

    void addAtTail(int val) {
        addAtIndex(cnt, val);
    }

    void addAtIndex(int index, int val) {
        if (index > cnt) {
            return;
        }
        if (index <= 0) {
            addAtHead(val);
            return;
        }
        int i = head;
        while (--index) {
            i = ne[i];
        }
        e[idx] = val;
        ne[idx] = ne[i];
        ne[i] = idx++;
        ++cnt;
    }

    void deleteAtIndex(int index) {
        if (index < 0 || index >= cnt) {
            return;
        }
        --cnt;
        if (index == 0) {
            head = ne[head];
            return;
        }
        int i = head;
        while (--index) {
            i = ne[i];
        }
        ne[i] = ne[ne[i]];
    }
};

/**
 * Your MyLinkedList object will be instantiated and called as such:
 * MyLinkedList* obj = new MyLinkedList();
 * int param_1 = obj->get(index);
 * obj->addAtHead(val);
 * obj->addAtTail(val);
 * obj->addAtIndex(index,val);
 * obj->deleteAtIndex(index);
 */

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type MyLinkedList struct {
    e    []int
    ne   []int
    idx  int
    head int
    cnt  int
}

func Constructor() MyLinkedList {
    e := make([]int, 1010)
    ne := make([]int, 1010)
    return MyLinkedList{e, ne, 0, -1, 0}
}

func (this *MyLinkedList) Get(index int) int {
    if index < 0 || index >= this.cnt {
        return -1
    }
    i := this.head
    for ; index > 0; index-- {
        i = this.ne[i]
    }
    return this.e[i]
}

func (this *MyLinkedList) AddAtHead(val int) {
    this.e[this.idx] = val
    this.ne[this.idx] = this.head
    this.head = this.idx
    this.idx++
    this.cnt++
}

func (this *MyLinkedList) AddAtTail(val int) {
    this.AddAtIndex(this.cnt, val)
}

func (this *MyLinkedList) AddAtIndex(index int, val int) {
    if index > this.cnt {
        return
    }
    if index <= 0 {
        this.AddAtHead(val)
        return
    }
    i := this.head
    for ; index > 1; index-- {
        i = this.ne[i]
    }
    this.e[this.idx] = val
    this.ne[this.idx] = this.ne[i]
    this.ne[i] = this.idx
    this.idx++
    this.cnt++
}

func (this *MyLinkedList) DeleteAtIndex(index int) {
    if index < 0 || index >= this.cnt {
        return
    }
    this.cnt--
    if index == 0 {
        this.head = this.ne[this.head]
        return
    }
    i := this.head
    for ; index > 1; index-- {
        i = this.ne[i]
    }
    this.ne[i] = this.ne[this.ne[i]]
}

/**
 * Your MyLinkedList object will be instantiated and called as such:
 * obj := Constructor();
 * param_1 := obj.Get(index);
 * obj.AddAtHead(val);
 * obj.AddAtTail(val);
 * obj.AddAtIndex(index,val);
 * obj.DeleteAtIndex(index);
 */

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class MyLinkedList {
    e: Array<number>;
    ne: Array<number>;
    idx: number;
    head: number;
    cnt: number;

    constructor() {
        this.e = new Array(1010).fill(0);
        this.ne = new Array(1010).fill(0);
        this.head = -1;
        this.idx = 0;
        this.cnt = 0;
    }

    get(index: number): number {
        if (index < 0 || index >= this.cnt) {
            return -1;
        }
        let i = this.head;
        while (index--) {
            i = this.ne[i];
        }
        return this.e[i];
    }

    addAtHead(val: number): void {
        this.e[this.idx] = val;
        this.ne[this.idx] = this.head;
        this.head = this.idx++;
        this.cnt++;
    }

    addAtTail(val: number): void {
        this.addAtIndex(this.cnt, val);
    }

    addAtIndex(index: number, val: number): void {
        if (index > this.cnt) {
            return;
        }
        if (index <= 0) {
            this.addAtHead(val);
            return;
        }
        let i = this.head;
        while (--index) {
            i = this.ne[i];
        }
        this.e[this.idx] = val;
        this.ne[this.idx] = this.ne[i];
        this.ne[i] = this.idx++;
        this.cnt++;
    }

    deleteAtIndex(index: number): void {
        if (index < 0 || index >= this.cnt) {
            return;
        }
        this.cnt--;
        if (index == 0) {
            this.head = this.ne[this.head];
            return;
        }
        let i = this.head;
        while (--index) {
            i = this.ne[i];
        }
        this.ne[i] = this.ne[this.ne[i]];
    }
}

/**
 * Your MyLinkedList object will be instantiated and called as such:
 * var obj = new MyLinkedList()
 * var param_1 = obj.get(index)
 * obj.addAtHead(val)
 * obj.addAtTail(val)
 * obj.addAtIndex(index,val)
 * obj.deleteAtIndex(index)
 */

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