108. Convert Sorted Array to Binary Search Tree

Description

Given an integer array nums where the elements are sorted in ascending order, convert it to a height-balanced binary search tree.

 

Example 1:

Input: nums = [-10,-3,0,5,9]
Output: [0,-3,9,-10,null,5]
Explanation: [0,-10,5,null,-3,null,9] is also accepted:

Example 2:

Input: nums = [1,3]
Output: [3,1]
Explanation: [1,null,3] and [3,1] are both height-balanced BSTs.

 

Constraints:

• 1 <= nums.length <= 104
• -104 <= nums[i] <= 104
• nums is sorted in a strictly increasing order.

Solutions

Solution 1: Binary Search + Recursion

We design a recursive function $dfs(l, r)$, which indicates that the node values of the current binary search tree to be constructed are all within the index range $[l, r]$ of the array nums. This function returns the root node of the constructed binary search tree.

The execution process of the function $dfs(l, r)$ is as follows:

1. If $l > r$, it means the current array is empty, return null.
2. If $l \leq r$, take the element with the index $mid = \lfloor \frac{l + r}{2} \rfloor$ in the array as the root node of the current binary search tree, where $\lfloor x \rfloor$ represents rounding down $x$.
3. Recursively construct the left subtree of the current binary search tree, whose root node value is the element with the index $mid - 1$ in the array, and the node values of the left subtree are all within the index range $[l, mid - 1]$ of the array.
4. Recursively construct the right subtree of the current binary search tree, whose root node value is the element with the index $mid + 1$ in the array, and the node values of the right subtree are all within the index range $[mid + 1, r]$ of the array.
5. Return the root node of the current binary search tree.

The answer is the return value of the function $dfs(0, n - 1)$.

The time complexity is $O(n)$, and the space complexity is $O(\log n)$. Here, $n$ is the length of the array nums.

Python3JavaC++GoTypeScriptRustJavaScript

# Definition for a binary tree node.
# class TreeNode:
#     def __init__(self, val=0, left=None, right=None):
#         self.val = val
#         self.left = left
#         self.right = right
class Solution:
    def sortedArrayToBST(self, nums: List[int]) -> Optional[TreeNode]:
        def dfs(l, r):
            if l > r:
                return None
            mid = (l + r) >> 1
            left = dfs(l, mid - 1)
            right = dfs(mid + 1, r)
            return TreeNode(nums[mid], left, right)

        return dfs(0, len(nums) - 1)

/**
 * Definition for a binary tree node.
 * public class TreeNode {
 *     int val;
 *     TreeNode left;
 *     TreeNode right;
 *     TreeNode() {}
 *     TreeNode(int val) { this.val = val; }
 *     TreeNode(int val, TreeNode left, TreeNode right) {
 *         this.val = val;
 *         this.left = left;
 *         this.right = right;
 *     }
 * }
 */
class Solution {
    private int[] nums;

    public TreeNode sortedArrayToBST(int[] nums) {
        this.nums = nums;
        return dfs(0, nums.length - 1);
    }

    private TreeNode dfs(int l, int r) {
        if (l > r) {
            return null;
        }
        int mid = (l + r) >> 1;
        TreeNode left = dfs(l, mid - 1);
        TreeNode right = dfs(mid + 1, r);
        return new TreeNode(nums[mid], left, right);
    }
}

/**
 * Definition for a binary tree node.
 * struct TreeNode {
 *     int val;
 *     TreeNode *left;
 *     TreeNode *right;
 *     TreeNode() : val(0), left(nullptr), right(nullptr) {}
 *     TreeNode(int x) : val(x), left(nullptr), right(nullptr) {}
 *     TreeNode(int x, TreeNode *left, TreeNode *right) : val(x), left(left), right(right) {}
 * };
 */
class Solution {
public:
    TreeNode* sortedArrayToBST(vector<int>& nums) {
        function<TreeNode*(int, int)> dfs = [&](int l, int r) -> TreeNode* {
            if (l > r) {
                return nullptr;
            }
            int mid = (l + r) >> 1;
            auto left = dfs(l, mid - 1);
            auto right = dfs(mid + 1, r);
            return new TreeNode(nums[mid], left, right);
        };
        return dfs(0, nums.size() - 1);
    }
};

/**
 * Definition for a binary tree node.
 * type TreeNode struct {
 *     Val int
 *     Left *TreeNode
 *     Right *TreeNode
 * }
 */
func sortedArrayToBST(nums []int) *TreeNode {
    var dfs func(int, int) *TreeNode
    dfs = func(l, r int) *TreeNode