292. Nim Game
Description
You are playing the following Nim Game with your friend:
- Initially, there is a heap of stones on the table.
- You and your friend will alternate taking turns, and you go first.
- On each turn, the person whose turn it is will remove 1 to 3 stones from the heap.
- The one who removes the last stone is the winner.
Given n
, the number of stones in the heap, return true
if you can win the game assuming both you and your friend play optimally, otherwise return false
.
Example 1:
Input: n = 4 Output: false Explanation: These are the possible outcomes: 1. You remove 1 stone. Your friend removes 3 stones, including the last stone. Your friend wins. 2. You remove 2 stones. Your friend removes 2 stones, including the last stone. Your friend wins. 3. You remove 3 stones. Your friend removes the last stone. Your friend wins. In all outcomes, your friend wins.
Example 2:
Input: n = 1 Output: true
Example 3:
Input: n = 2 Output: true
Constraints:
1 <= n <= 231 - 1
Solutions
Solution 1: Finding the Pattern
The first player who gets a multiple of $4$ (i.e., $n$ can be divided by $4$) will lose the game.
Proof:
- When $n \lt 4$, the first player can directly take all the stones, so the first player will win the game.
- When $n = 4$, no matter whether the first player chooses $1, 2, 3$, the second player can always choose the remaining number, so the first player will lose the game.
- When $4 \lt n \lt 8$, i.e., $n = 5, 6, 7$, the first player can correspondingly reduce the number to $4$, then the "death number" $4$ is given to the second player, and the second player will lose the game.
- When $n = 8$, no matter whether the first player chooses $1, 2, 3$, it will leave a number between $4 \lt n \lt 8$ to the second player, so the first player will lose the game.
- ...
- By induction, when a player gets the number $n$, and $n$ can be divided by $4$, he will lose the game, otherwise, he will win the game.
The time complexity is $O(1)$, and the space complexity is $O(1)$.
1 2 3 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 6 |
|
1 2 3 |
|
1 2 3 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|