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1680. Concatenation of Consecutive Binary Numbers

Description

Given an integer n, return the decimal value of the binary string formed by concatenating the binary representations of 1 to n in order, modulo 109 + 7.

 

Example 1:

Input: n = 1
Output: 1
Explanation: "1" in binary corresponds to the decimal value 1.

Example 2:

Input: n = 3
Output: 27
Explanation: In binary, 1, 2, and 3 corresponds to "1", "10", and "11".
After concatenating them, we have "11011", which corresponds to the decimal value 27.

Example 3:

Input: n = 12
Output: 505379714
Explanation: The concatenation results in "1101110010111011110001001101010111100".
The decimal value of that is 118505380540.
After modulo 109 + 7, the result is 505379714.

 

Constraints:

  • 1 <= n <= 105

Solutions

Solution 1: Bit Manipulation

By observing the pattern of number concatenation, we can find that when concatenating to the $i$-th number, the result $ans$ formed by concatenating the previous $i-1$ numbers is actually shifted to the left by a certain number of bits, and then $i$ is added. The number of bits shifted, $shift$, is the number of binary digits in $i$. Since $i$ is continuously incremented by $1$, the number of bits shifted either remains the same as the last shift or increases by one. When $i$ is a power of $2$, that is, when there is only one bit in the binary number of $i$ that is $1$, the number of bits shifted increases by $1$ compared to the last time.

The time complexity is $O(n)$, where $n$ is the given integer. The space complexity is $O(1)$.

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class Solution:
    def concatenatedBinary(self, n: int) -> int:
        mod = 10**9 + 7
        ans = 0
        for i in range(1, n + 1):
            ans = (ans << i.bit_length() | i) % mod
        return ans

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class Solution {
    public int concatenatedBinary(int n) {
        final int mod = (int) 1e9 + 7;
        long ans = 0;
        for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
            ans = (ans << (32 - Integer.numberOfLeadingZeros(i)) | i) % mod;
        }
        return (int) ans;
    }
}

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class Solution {
public:
    int concatenatedBinary(int n) {
        const int mod = 1e9 + 7;
        long ans = 0;
        for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
            ans = (ans << (32 - __builtin_clz(i)) | i) % mod;
        }
        return ans;
    }
};

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func concatenatedBinary(n int) (ans int) {
    const mod = 1e9 + 7
    for i := 1; i <= n; i++ {
        ans = (ans<<bits.Len(uint(i)) | i) % mod
    }
    return
}

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function concatenatedBinary(n: number): number {
    const mod = BigInt(10 ** 9 + 7);
    let ans = 0n;
    let shift = 0n;
    for (let i = 1n; i <= n; ++i) {
        if ((i & (i - 1n)) == 0n) {
            ++shift;
        }
        ans = ((ans << shift) | i) % mod;
    }
    return Number(ans);
}

Solution 2

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class Solution:
    def concatenatedBinary(self, n: int) -> int:
        mod = 10**9 + 7
        ans = shift = 0
        for i in range(1, n + 1):
            if (i & (i - 1)) == 0:
                shift += 1
            ans = (ans << shift | i) % mod
        return ans

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class Solution {
    public int concatenatedBinary(int n) {
        final int mod = (int) 1e9 + 7;
        long ans = 0;
        int shift = 0;
        for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
            if ((i & (i - 1)) == 0) {
                ++shift;
            }
            ans = (ans << shift | i) % mod;
        }
        return (int) ans;
    }
}

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class Solution {
public:
    int concatenatedBinary(int n) {
        const int mod = 1e9 + 7;
        long ans = 0;
        int shift = 0;
        for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
            if ((i & (i - 1)) == 0) {
                ++shift;
            }
            ans = (ans << shift | i) % mod;
        }
        return ans;
    }
};

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func concatenatedBinary(n int) (ans int) {
    const mod = 1e9 + 7
    shift := 0
    for i := 1; i <= n; i++ {
        if i&(i-1) == 0 {
            shift++
        }
        ans = (ans<<shift | i) % mod
    }
    return
}

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