题目描述
给定一个候选人编号的集合 candidates
和一个目标数 target
,找出 candidates
中所有可以使数字和为 target
的组合。
candidates
中的每个数字在每个组合中只能使用 一次 。
注意:解集不能包含重复的组合。
示例 1:
输入: candidates = [10,1,2,7,6,1,5], target = 8,
输出:
[
[1,1,6],
[1,2,5],
[1,7],
[2,6]
]
示例 2:
输入: candidates = [2,5,2,1,2], target = 5,
输出:
[
[1,2,2],
[5]
]
提示:
1 <= candidates.length <= 100
1 <= candidates[i] <= 50
1 <= target <= 30
解法
方法一:排序 + 剪枝 + 回溯
我们可以先对数组进行排序,方便剪枝以及跳过重复的数字。
接下来,我们设计一个函数 $dfs(i, s)$,表示从下标 $i$ 开始搜索,且剩余目标值为 $s$,其中 $i$ 和 $s$ 都是非负整数,当前搜索路径为 $t$,答案为 $ans$。
在函数 $dfs(i, s)$ 中,我们先判断 $s$ 是否为 $0$,如果是,则将当前搜索路径 $t$ 加入答案 $ans$ 中,然后返回。如果 $i \geq n$,或者 $s \lt candidates[i]$,说明当前路径不合法,直接返回。否则,我们从下标 $i$ 开始搜索,搜索的下标范围是 $j \in [i, n)$,其中 $n$ 为数组 $candidates$ 的长度。在搜索的过程中,如果 $j \gt i$ 并且 $candidates[j] = candidates[j - 1]$,说明当前数字与上一个数字相同,我们可以跳过当前数字,因为上一个数字已经搜索过了。否则,我们将当前数字加入搜索路径 $t$ 中,然后递归调用函数 $dfs(j + 1, s - candidates[j])$,然后将当前数字从搜索路径 $t$ 中移除。
在主函数中,我们只要调用函数 $dfs(0, target)$,即可得到答案。
时间复杂度 $O(2^n \times n)$,空间复杂度 $O(n)$。其中 $n$ 为数组 $candidates$ 的长度。由于剪枝,实际的时间复杂度要远小于 $O(2^n \times n)$。
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20 | class Solution:
def combinationSum2(self, candidates: List[int], target: int) -> List[List[int]]:
def dfs(i: int, s: int):
if s == 0:
ans.append(t[:])
return
if i >= len(candidates) or s < candidates[i]:
return
for j in range(i, len(candidates)):
if j > i and candidates[j] == candidates[j - 1]:
continue
t.append(candidates[j])
dfs(j + 1, s - candidates[j])
t.pop()
candidates.sort()
ans = []
t = []
dfs(0, target)
return ans
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30 | class Solution {
private List<List<Integer>> ans = new ArrayList<>();
private List<Integer> t = new ArrayList<>();
private int[] candidates;
public List<List<Integer>> combinationSum2(int[] candidates, int target) {
Arrays.sort(candidates);
this.candidates = candidates;
dfs(0, target);
return ans;
}
private void dfs(int i, int s) {
if (s == 0) {
ans.add(new ArrayList<>(t));
return;
}
if (i >= candidates.length || s < candidates[i]) {
return;
}
for (int j = i; j < candidates.length; ++j) {
if (j > i && candidates[j] == candidates[j - 1]) {
continue;
}
t.add(candidates[j]);
dfs(j + 1, s - candidates[j]);
t.remove(t.size() - 1);
}
}
}
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27 | class Solution {
public:
vector<vector<int>> combinationSum2(vector<int>& candidates, int target) {
sort(candidates.begin(), candidates.end());
vector<vector<int>> ans;
vector<int> t;
function<void(int, int)> dfs = [&](int i, int s) {
if (s == 0) {
ans.emplace_back(t);
return;
}
if (i >= candidates.size() || s < candidates[i]) {
return;
}
for (int j = i; j < candidates.size(); ++j) {
if (j > i && candidates[j] == candidates[j - 1]) {
continue;
}
t.emplace_back(candidates[j]);
dfs(j + 1, s - candidates[j]);
t.pop_back();
}
};
dfs(0, target);
return ans;
}
};
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24 | func combinationSum2(candidates []int, target int) (ans [][]int) {
sort.Ints(candidates)
t := []int{}
var dfs func(i, s int)
dfs = func(i, s int) {
if s == 0 {
ans = append(ans, slices.Clone(t))
return
}
if i >= len(candidates) || s < candidates[i] {
return
}
for j := i; j < len(candidates); j++ {
if j > i && candidates[j] == candidates[j-1] {
continue
}
t = append(t, candidates[j])
dfs(j+1, s-candidates[j])
t = t[:len(t)-1]
}
}
dfs(0, target)
return
}
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24 | function combinationSum2(candidates: number[], target: number): number[][] {
candidates.sort((a, b) => a - b);
const ans: number[][] = [];
const t: number[] = [];
const dfs = (i: number, s: number) => {
if (s === 0) {
ans.push(t.slice());
return;
}
if (i >= candidates.length || s < candidates[i]) {
return;
}
for (let j = i; j < candidates.length; j++) {
if (j > i && candidates[j] === candidates[j - 1]) {
continue;
}
t.push(candidates[j]);
dfs(j + 1, s - candidates[j]);
t.pop();
}
};
dfs(0, target);
return ans;
}
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26 | impl Solution {
fn dfs(i: usize, s: i32, candidates: &Vec<i32>, t: &mut Vec<i32>, ans: &mut Vec<Vec<i32>>) {
if s == 0 {
ans.push(t.clone());
return;
}
if i >= candidates.len() || s < candidates[i] {
return;
}
for j in i..candidates.len() {
if j > i && candidates[j] == candidates[j - 1] {
continue;
}
t.push(candidates[j]);
Self::dfs(j + 1, s - candidates[j], candidates, t, ans);
t.pop();
}
}
pub fn combination_sum2(mut candidates: Vec<i32>, target: i32) -> Vec<Vec<i32>> {
candidates.sort();
let mut ans = Vec::new();
Self::dfs(0, target, &candidates, &mut vec![], &mut ans);
ans
}
}
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29 | /**
* @param {number[]} candidates
* @param {number} target
* @return {number[][]}
*/
var combinationSum2 = function (candidates, target) {
candidates.sort((a, b) => a - b);
const ans = [];
const t = [];
const dfs = (i, s) => {
if (s === 0) {
ans.push(t.slice());
return;
}
if (i >= candidates.length || s < candidates[i]) {
return;
}
for (let j = i; j < candidates.length; ++j) {
if (j > i && candidates[j] === candidates[j - 1]) {
continue;
}
t.push(candidates[j]);
dfs(j + 1, s - candidates[j]);
t.pop();
}
};
dfs(0, target);
return ans;
};
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30 | public class Solution {
private List<IList<int>> ans = new List<IList<int>>();
private List<int> t = new List<int>();
private int[] candidates;
public IList<IList<int>> CombinationSum2(int[] candidates, int target) {
Array.Sort(candidates);
this.candidates = candidates;
dfs(0, target);
return ans;
}
private void dfs(int i, int s) {
if (s == 0) {
ans.Add(new List<int>(t));
return;
}
if (i >= candidates.Length || s < candidates[i]) {
return;
}
for (int j = i; j < candidates.Length; ++j) {
if (j > i && candidates[j] == candidates[j - 1]) {
continue;
}
t.Add(candidates[j]);
dfs(j + 1, s - candidates[j]);
t.RemoveAt(t.Count - 1);
}
}
}
|
方法二:排序 + 剪枝 + 回溯(写法二)
我们也可以将函数 $dfs(i, s)$ 的实现逻辑改为另一种写法。如果我们选择当前数字,那么我们将当前数字加入搜索路径 $t$ 中,然后递归调用函数 $dfs(i + 1, s - candidates[i])$,然后将当前数字从搜索路径 $t$ 中移除。如果我们不选择当前数字,那么我们可以跳过与当前数字相同的所有数字,然后递归调用函数 $dfs(j, s)$,其中 $j$ 为第一个与当前数字不同的数字的下标。
时间复杂度 $O(2^n \times n)$,空间复杂度 $O(n)$。其中 $n$ 为数组 $candidates$ 的长度。由于剪枝,实际的时间复杂度要远小于 $O(2^n \times n)$。
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21 | class Solution:
def combinationSum2(self, candidates: List[int], target: int) -> List[List[int]]:
def dfs(i: int, s: int):
if s == 0:
ans.append(t[:])
return
if i >= len(candidates) or s < candidates[i]:
return
x = candidates[i]
t.append(x)
dfs(i + 1, s - x)
t.pop()
while i < len(candidates) and candidates[i] == x:
i += 1
dfs(i, s)
candidates.sort()
ans = []
t = []
dfs(0, target)
return ans
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30 | class Solution {
private List<List<Integer>> ans = new ArrayList<>();
private List<Integer> t = new ArrayList<>();
private int[] candidates;
public List<List<Integer>> combinationSum2(int[] candidates, int target) {
Arrays.sort(candidates);
this.candidates = candidates;
dfs(0, target);
return ans;
}
private void dfs(int i, int s) {
if (s == 0) {
ans.add(new ArrayList<>(t));
return;
}
if (i >= candidates.length || s < candidates[i]) {
return;
}
int x = candidates[i];
t.add(x);
dfs(i + 1, s - x);
t.remove(t.size() - 1);
while (i < candidates.length && candidates[i] == x) {
++i;
}
dfs(i, s);
}
}
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27 | class Solution {
public:
vector<vector<int>> combinationSum2(vector<int>& candidates, int target) {
sort(candidates.begin(), candidates.end());
vector<vector<int>> ans;
vector<int> t;
function<void(int, int)> dfs = [&](int i, int s) {
if (s == 0) {
ans.emplace_back(t);
return;
}
if (i >= candidates.size() || s < candidates[i]) {
return;
}
int x = candidates[i];
t.emplace_back(x);
dfs(i + 1, s - x);
t.pop_back();
while (i < candidates.size() && candidates[i] == x) {
++i;
}
dfs(i, s);
};
dfs(0, target);
return ans;
}
};
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24 | func combinationSum2(candidates []int, target int) (ans [][]int) {
sort.Ints(candidates)
t := []int{}
var dfs func(i, s int)
dfs = func(i, s int) {
if s == 0 {
ans = append(ans, slices.Clone(t))
return
}
if i >= len(candidates) || s < candidates[i] {
return
}
for j := i; j < len(candidates); j++ {
if j > i && candidates[j] == candidates[j-1] {
continue
}
t = append(t, candidates[j])
dfs(j+1, s-candidates[j])
t = t[:len(t)-1]
}
}
dfs(0, target)
return
}
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24 | function combinationSum2(candidates: number[], target: number): number[][] {
candidates.sort((a, b) => a - b);
const ans: number[][] = [];
const t: number[] = [];
const dfs = (i: number, s: number) => {
if (s === 0) {
ans.push(t.slice());
return;
}
if (i >= candidates.length || s < candidates[i]) {
return;
}
const x = candidates[i];
t.push(x);
dfs(i + 1, s - x);
t.pop();
while (i < candidates.length && candidates[i] === x) {
++i;
}
dfs(i, s);
};
dfs(0, target);
return ans;
}
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26 | impl Solution {
fn dfs(mut i: usize, s: i32, candidates: &Vec<i32>, t: &mut Vec<i32>, ans: &mut Vec<Vec<i32>>) {
if s == 0 {
ans.push(t.clone());
return;
}
if i >= candidates.len() || s < candidates[i] {
return;
}
let x = candidates[i];
t.push(x);
Self::dfs(i + 1, s - x, candidates, t, ans);
t.pop();
while i < candidates.len() && candidates[i] == x {
i += 1;
}
Self::dfs(i, s, candidates, t, ans);
}
pub fn combination_sum2(mut candidates: Vec<i32>, target: i32) -> Vec<Vec<i32>> {
candidates.sort();
let mut ans = Vec::new();
Self::dfs(0, target, &candidates, &mut vec![], &mut ans);
ans
}
}
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29 | /**
* @param {number[]} candidates
* @param {number} target
* @return {number[][]}
*/
var combinationSum2 = function (candidates, target) {
candidates.sort((a, b) => a - b);
const ans = [];
const t = [];
const dfs = (i, s) => {
if (s === 0) {
ans.push(t.slice());
return;
}
if (i >= candidates.length || s < candidates[i]) {
return;
}
const x = candidates[i];
t.push(x);
dfs(i + 1, s - x);
t.pop();
while (i < candidates.length && candidates[i] === x) {
++i;
}
dfs(i, s);
};
dfs(0, target);
return ans;
};
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30 | public class Solution {
private List<IList<int>> ans = new List<IList<int>>();
private List<int> t = new List<int>();
private int[] candidates;
public IList<IList<int>> CombinationSum2(int[] candidates, int target) {
Array.Sort(candidates);
this.candidates = candidates;
dfs(0, target);
return ans;
}
private void dfs(int i, int s) {
if (s == 0) {
ans.Add(new List<int>(t));
return;
}
if (i >= candidates.Length || s < candidates[i]) {
return;
}
int x = candidates[i];
t.Add(x);
dfs(i + 1, s - x);
t.RemoveAt(t.Count - 1);
while (i < candidates.Length && candidates[i] == x) {
++i;
}
dfs(i, s);
}
}
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45 | class Solution {
/**
* @param integer[] $candidates
* @param integer $target
* @return integer[][]
*/
function combinationSum2($candidates, $target) {
$result = [];
$currentCombination = [];
$startIndex = 0;
sort($candidates);
$this->findCombinations($candidates, $target, $startIndex, $currentCombination, $result);
return $result;
}
function findCombinations($candidates, $target, $startIndex, $currentCombination, &$result) {
if ($target === 0) {
$result[] = $currentCombination;
return;
}
for ($i = $startIndex; $i < count($candidates); $i++) {
$num = $candidates[$i];
if ($num > $target) {
break;
}
if ($i > $startIndex && $candidates[$i] === $candidates[$i - 1]) {
continue;
}
$currentCombination[] = $num;
$this->findCombinations(
$candidates,
$target - $num,
$i + 1,
$currentCombination,
$result,
);
array_pop($currentCombination);
}
}
}
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